Houses built in the 1990s: what owners replaced and what went wrong
In 2023, 6.9% of owners of single-family houses built in the 1990s reported water leaking in from outside in the previous 12 months, against 11.0% for houses built in the 1950s. Replacement of big systems did not differ: 10.3% of 1990s owners replaced a roof and 9.5% a water heater in 2021 to 2023, and the 1950s figures sit inside the same survey margin.
What went wrong, by decade built
| Problem | 1990s, share (n) | 95% range | Houses of the 1950s |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water leaking in from outside | 6.9% (3,004) | 5.7% to 8.1% | 11.0% |
| Cracks in walls | 3.7% (3,004) | 2.9% to 4.5% | 5.5% |
| Holes in the roof | 0.7% (2,987) | 0.4% to 1.0% | 1.5% |
| Peeling paint | 0.7% (3,004) | 0.4% to 1.1% | 2.3% |
| Mold in the basement | 0.1% (2,990) | 0.0% to 0.2% | 0.8% |
Leaks and cracks fall with newer construction. Roof holes, peeling paint and basement mold are rare in all three decades, so their ranges are narrow in absolute terms but wide relative to the estimate.
What owners replaced, 2021 to 2023
| Job, 2021 to 2023 | Share of owners | 95% range |
|---|---|---|
| Roof | 10.3% | 8.9% to 11.6% |
| Water heater | 9.5% | 8.2% to 10.7% |
| Heating equipment | 8.1% | 7.0% to 9.3% |
| Central AC | 10.8% | 9.4% to 12.1% |
| Kitchen remodel | 5.6% | 4.6% to 6.6% |
| Bathroom remodel | 9.9% | 8.6% to 11.1% |
Across the three decades the roof and water heater rates overlap within the survey margin. Central AC rises with newer houses, as older houses are less likely to have a central system to replace.
How old the water heaters are
The Energy Information Administration's 2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey gives a second reading. In owner-occupied single-family homes built in the 1990s, 37.5% of water heaters were 10 or more years old (n = 1,473), and 20.0% were 15 or more. Across all such homes the figures were 34.9% and 15.1% (n = 11,109). These are weighted point estimates without ranges.
Both surveys point the same way: a house's age says little about how often its water heater or roof gets replaced.
What the jobs cost
- Kitchen remodel cost: median $12,000 hired, $4,000 do-it-yourself.
- Roof replacement cost: median $10,000 hired, $5,000 do-it-yourself.
- Water heater replacement cost: median $1,400 hired, $700 do-it-yourself.
- Bathroom remodel cost: median $8,000 hired, $2,000 do-it-yourself.
- Central AC cost: median $6,900 hired, $5,000 do-it-yourself.
- Heating equipment cost: median $5,000 hired, $1,700 do-it-yourself.
Common questions
How often do owners of 1990s houses replace a roof?
In the 2023 American Housing Survey, 10.3% of owners of single-family houses built in the 1990s reported a roofing job finished in 2021 to 2023 (95% range 8.9% to 11.6%, n = 3,004 households).
How old are the water heaters in 1990s houses?
In the 2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, 37.5% of water heaters in owner-occupied single-family homes built in the 1990s were 10 or more years old (n = 1,473), against 34.9% across all such homes.
Method
Population: owner-occupied, single-family detached houses, grouped by decade built. Project rates are the weighted share of households reporting at least one job of that type finished in 2021, 2022 or 2023. Problem rates are the weighted share answering yes among households that answered the question. Ranges are 95% intervals from the AHS replicate weights, using the method Census documents.
Caveats
- Self-reported. The American Housing Survey asks residents what they did and what it cost. Amounts are in the dollars of the year the job was done (2021 to 2023) and are not adjusted for inflation.
- Replacement rates in the American Housing Survey are a floor. Respondents list the projects they remember, and the Energy Information Administration's Residential Energy Consumption Survey implies replacement rates roughly double those the AHS shows.
- The survey data carry no stated license. OneFabHome treats them as U.S. federal government data and cites the source for every figure.
- About 10 percent of owners reported a water heater replacement over three years in the AHS, which would imply a cycle near 30 years. RECS shows 34.9% of water heaters are already 10 or more years old. Read the AHS rates as a minimum.
Sources
- American Housing Survey 2023 public use file, U.S. Census Bureau and HUD.
- Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2020, U.S. Energy Information Administration.